Ultrasonic Labortary Instruments

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To verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes in complex wave (square, clipped sine wave, triangular wave etc.)

Theory: A kit has been designed to analyze any complex wave (square, clipped sine wave triangular wave etc.). It enables one to verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes. Typical results obtained with the kit are shown below:
             
Fourier Analysis Kit consists of the following parts:

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Zeeman effect is an optomagnetic device in which a source of line spectrum prefavourly monochromatic source is placed between the poles of electromagnet. On applying the suitable magnetic field, the spectral line splits into sub components which have wavelength different from its main / original wavelength. The apparatus should have:

· Constant deviation spectrograph

· Calibration of drum: 400 nm to 700 nm

· Least count of calibration: 1 nm

· Constant deviation prism made of optical glass having refractive
index – 1.71

· Electromagnet should have field strength 10 KG at a gap of 10 mm

Between its poles

· Pole pieces dia.: 50 mm; length: 200 mm

· One end of pole pieces is tapered (tapered dia. 25 mm)

· Other end is threaded and provided with a mechanism to move pole
pieces back & forth to vary the gap between them

· Digital and stabilized power supply (30 volt; 10 amp) for above
electromagnet.

· Neon discharge tube of suitable capillary thickness

· Wooden stand for holding the above discharge tube

· High voltage transformer (Range: 1-4.5 KV) to run the above
discharge tube.

· Digital gauss meter (Range: 2-20 KG)

· Is required to measure the applied magnetic field

· A micrometer eyepiece (measuring range: 0-15 mm) should have least
count 0.01 mm

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Objective: Determination of dielectric constant of PZT material with Temperature variation and thus determining Curie Temperature.

Theory: Ferro-electricity usually disappears above a certain temperature called the transition (or Curie) temperature. Knowledge of the Curie temperature and the variation of the dielectric constant below and above the Curie temperature are of interest to the physicists and the engineers.

In this experiment an LC circuit is used to determine the capacitance of the dielectric cell and hence the dielectric constant. The circuit details are shown below:

DC : Dielectric Cell

SC : Standard Capacitor

L : Induction

X : Ferroelectric Sample

The dielectric cell DC is placed in PID controlled hot air furnace. The temperature of the furnace can be measured by inserting a thermocouple in a hole (provided on one of the Teflon discs), so that it touches one of the capacitor (metal) plates.

The audio oscillator is incorporated inside the instrument. If CSC and CDC represent the capacitances of the standard capacitor and dielectric cell respectively and if VC1 and VC are the voltages across SC and DC then

By measuring V_SC & V_DC and using the value of C_SC we can determine the capacitance of the dielectric cell containing the sample.

If C⁰ represents the capacitance of the dielectric cell without the crystal and the plates separated by air gap whose thickness is the same as the thickness of the crystal then C⁰ is given by

where r represents the radius of the crystal and d represents its thickness

The dielectric constant of the crystal at any given temp. is given by

The Setup facilitates determination of dielectric constant of PZT sample at different temperature. Dielectric Constant increases as temperature increases, and near Curie temperature, it shows a steep increase and reaches a peak at Curie Temperature.